一直纠结吃什么奶酪好,在网上找了一篇英国专家写的文章,很全面,就顺便翻译了给大家看看。
Is it Safe to Eat Cheese during Pregnancy?
孕期吃奶酪安全吗?
奶酪是钙质的优质来源,其蕴含的多种微量元素也适合在孕期食用。不过,并非所有的奶酪都是安全的,因为有些品种的奶酪所含的细菌,例如李斯特氏菌,就可能会伤害未出生的婴儿。软质霉菌成熟干酪,例如布里干酪(brie)、卡蒙贝尔干酪(comembert)或者法国山羊奶酪(chevre)都不适合在孕期食用。软质蓝纹干酪,例如丹麦蓝芝士(danish blue)和洛克福干酪(roquefort)在孕期也不宜食用。
硬质的蓝纹干酪,例如斯提尔顿干酪(stilton, 世界三大蓝纹干酪之一),一般来讲比软质霉菌成熟干酪含有的细菌要少。事实上,NHS(英国国家医疗服务机构)认为孕期食用斯提尔顿干酪(stilton)是安全的。无论如何,尽管食用硬质蓝纹干酪造成细菌感染的几率比较低,但也不能完全排除这种风险。我们还是建议尽量不要食用任何蓝纹干酪,如果确要食用,也应烹熟之后再食用。
即便是使用经过巴氏杀菌的牛奶制成的软质霉菌成熟干酪或者蓝纹干酪,也仍然不太安全。这是因为相比其它干酪而言,它们更加潮湿,也少了一些酸性,这会为李斯特氏菌的滋生提供极佳的温床。一旦你被李斯特氏菌感染,你会罹患李斯特氏菌症。其症状类似感冒,并且症状可能在你感染细菌之后数周才发生,这期间你可能没有任何症状。李斯特氏菌症对于准妈咪而言只是个普通的疾病,但是对于未出生的婴儿来说却可造成健康损害,甚至可能致死胎儿,患病的婴儿有大概五分之一的几率在出生时夭折。
值得安慰的是,罹患李斯特氏菌症的只是极少数。2011年,英格兰和威尔士总共报告了约147例患者,其中27例是怀孕中的妇女。怀孕中的妇女比常人更容易感染该病,这是由于怀孕期间身体中对抗李斯特氏菌的天然屏障相对较弱。不过患该病的总比例仍然很低。
如果你将软质霉菌成熟干酪或者蓝纹干酪完全烹熟后食用,例如食用烤炉烤过的卡蒙贝尔干酪(comembert),则是十分安全的,这个过程中可以杀死任何细菌。一定要确认你将奶酪彻底烹熟,而不仅仅是表面融化而已。
硬质干酪,如帕玛森干酪(parmesan),即便是用非巴氏杀菌牛奶制成,一般来说也是安全的。在硬质干酪中,李斯特氏菌的含量微乎其微,即使在怀孕期间也不足以对人体构成任何伤害。
以下是孕期安全及不安全奶酪完全指南:
孕期安全的奶酪:
硬质奶酪:烟熏奶酪(smoked cheeses)、卡尔菲利干酪(caerphilly)、切达干酪(cheddar)、赤郡奶酪(cheshire)、德比奶酪(derby)、格洛斯特硬干酪(double gloucester)、荷兰红波干酪(edam)、瑞士大孔干酪(emmental)、英国山羊切达干酪(English goat’s cheddar)、羊乳酪(feta)、荷兰高达干酪(gouda)、瑞士格鲁耶尔干酪(gruyere)、哈罗米干酪(halloumi)、丹麦哈瓦蒂干酪(havarti)、挪威亚尔斯堡干酪(jarlsberg)、英国兰开夏干酪(lancashire)、曼彻格芝士(manchego)、苏格兰奥克尼芝士(orkney)、酸甜奶豆腐(paneer)、帕玛森干酪(parmesan)、意大利绵阳硬质奶酪(pecorino hard)、普罗沃干酪(provolone)和红列斯特奶酪(red leicester)。
由巴氏杀菌奶制成的软质或再制奶酪:Garlic & Herb牌包装乳制品、脱脂乳制白软奶酪(cottage cheese)、奶油奶酪(cream cheese)、羊乳酪(feta)、去皮的山羊奶酪(goat’s cheese without rind)、马斯卡普尼干酪(mascarpone)、马苏里拉干酪(mozzarella)、加工奶酪,如奶酪片或奶酪块、夸克奶酪(quark)以及里科塔干酪(ricotta)。
酸奶或酸奶酪:益生菌酸奶及牛奶饮品,鲜乳酪(fromage frais)、原味、调味或生鲜的酸奶油(soured cream)和鲜奶油(creme fraiche)。
孕期不安全的干酪
霉菌成熟软干酪(包括巴氏杀菌乳或非巴氏杀菌乳制作):布里奶酪(brie)、蓝色布里奶酪(blue brie)、德国甘布佐拉奶酪(cambozola)、卡蒙贝尔奶酪(comembert)、绍梅奶酪(chaumes)、带白色皮的法国山羊奶酪(chevre)、彭莱维克奶酪(pont l’eveque)、意大利塔雷吉奥软奶酪(taleggio)以及格鲁耶尔乳酪(vacherin fribourgeois)。
蓝纹乳酪:伯加德奶酪(bergader)、法国奥弗涅大区蓝纹奶酪(bleu d’auvergne)、温斯利代尔蓝纹奶酪(blue wensleydale)、萨罗普蓝纹干酪(shropshire blue)、丹麦蓝纹芝士(danish blue)、多塞莱奶酪(dolcelatte)、戈尔根朱勒干酪(gorgonzola)、荣可芝士(roncal)、洛克福羊乳干酪(roquefort)以及多姆奶酪(tomme)。
软质非巴氏杀菌奶酪:山羊及绵阳奶酪(chabichou)、契福瑞芝士(pyramide)以及凯撒蛋糕奶酪(torta del cesar)。
by Sasha Watkins
Source: https://www.babycentre.co.uk/x3175/is-it-safe-to-eat-cheese-during-pregnancy
Is it Safe to Eat Cheese during Pregnancy?
Cheese is great source of calcium, and many varieties are safe to eat in pregnancy. However, some cheeses aren't safe to eat, because they are more likely to grow bacteria such as listeria, which may harm your unborn baby.
Soft, mould-ripened cheeses, such as brie, camembert and chevre (a type of goat's cheese) are not safe to eat in pregnancy. Soft, blue-veined cheeses, such as danish blue and roquefort, are also not considered safe to eat in pregnancy.
Hard, blue-veined cheeses, such as stilton, are less likely to contain listeria than soft, mould-ripened cheeses. In fact, the NHS says that stilton is safe to eat when you're pregnant.
However, though the risk of listeria contamination in hard, blue-veined cheeses is very low, it can't be ruled out. You may find it easier, and more reassuring, not to eat any blue cheeses, unless they're cooked.
Even if soft, mould-ripened and blue-veined cheeses are made from pasteurised milk, they still aren't considered safe to eat. That's because they are more moist and less acidic than other cheeses, which provides the perfect environment for listeria bacteria to grow.
If you become infected with listeria, you can get an illness called listeriosis. This causes flu-like symptoms several weeks after you've been exposed to the bacteria, though you may not have any symptoms at all.
Even though listeriosis is usually a fairly mild illness for a mum-to-be, it can cause serious health problems for an unborn baby. It can even lead to miscarriage, or in about one in five cases, the loss of a baby at birth.
Be reassured that listerosis is rare. In 2011, there were an estimated 147 cases of listeriosis in England and Wales, 27 of which were in pregnant women. If you are pregnant, you have a higher risk of developing listeriosis. This is because your body's natural defences against the listeria bacteria are weaker during pregnancy. But this risk is still low.
You can still eat soft, mould-ripened or blue-veined cheeses if you cook them thoroughly, such as oven-baked camembert, as this will kill any bacteria. Just make sure you've cooked the cheese until it's piping hot throughout, and not just melted.
All hard cheeses, even if they are made with unpasteurised milk, are generally considered safe to eat. This includes parmesan. There is only a very small amount of listeria bacteria in hard cheeses, so they are not considered a risk during pregnancy.
Here's a guide to which cheeses are safe and which are unsafe during pregnancy:
Safe cheeses in pregnancy
Hard cheeses: smoked versions, caerphilly, cheddar, cheshire, derby, double gloucester, edam, emmental, English goat's cheddar, feta, gouda, gruyere, halloumi, havarti, jarlsberg, lancashire, manchego, orkney, paneer, parmesan, pecorino (hard), provolone and red leicester.
Soft, processed cheeses, if made with pasteurised milk: garlic and herb roulade, cottage cheese, cream cheese, feta, goat's cheese without rind, mascarpone, mozzarella, processed cheese such as cheese spread and cheese segments, quark and ricotta.
Yoghurts: probiotic yoghurt and milk drinks, fromage frais, soured cream and creme fraiche, including natural, flavoured and live versions.
Unsafe cheeses in pregnancy
Mould-ripened soft cheeses (pasteurised and unpasteurised): brie, blue brie, cambozola, camembert, chaumes, chevre (goat's cheese with a white rind), pont l'eveque, taleggio and vacherin fribourgeois.
Blue-veined cheeses: bergader, bleu d'auvergne, blue wensleydale, shropshire blue, danish blue, dolcelatte, gorgonzola, roncal, roquefort and tomme.
Soft, unpasteurised cheese: goat's and sheep's cheeses chabichou, pyramide and torta del cesar.
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